What distinguishes DNA from RNA?

The distinction between DNA and RNA is primarily based on their structural characteristics, one of which is their strand composition. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is typically double-stranded, allowing it to form a stable double helix structure. This double-stranded nature is crucial for its role in storing genetic information and ensuring accurate replication during cell division.

In contrast, RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is usually single-stranded. This single-stranded configuration allows RNA to perform a variety of functions, including acting as a messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis machinery (mRNA), as well as playing roles in regulation (e.g., miRNA) and catalysis (e.g., ribozymes).

Understanding these structural differences is essential in biochemistry, as it relates to the functions of both nucleic acids in the central dogma of molecular biology—DNA serves as the template for RNA transcription, which in turn guides protein synthesis. The differential strand configuration also influences their stability and the types of interactions they can partake in within the cell.